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LaTex入门
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LaTex入门

LaTex入门

什么是LaTex

是一种用于创建专业外观文档的工具。它基于所见即所得的理念，只关注文档的内容，而计算机将负责格式化。与Microsoft Word或LibreOffice Writer一样，用户可以输入纯文本并让LATEX处理其余内容，而不是在页面上隔开文本以控制格式。

它将文档的内容与样式分开。这意味着一旦您编写了文档的内容，我们就可以轻松更改其外观。同样，您可以创建一种文档样式，用于标准化许多不同文档的外观。这允许科学期刊为提交创建模板。这些模板具有预先制作的布局，这意味着只需添加内容。事实上，有数百种模板可用于从简历到幻灯片的所有内容。

LaTex平台环境

miktex-PC端

miktex官网

MiKTeX 是开源的。是适用于 Windows、Linux 和 macOS 的现代 TeX 发行版。

使用TexWorks桌面工具进行文件编辑。

overleaf-Web端

overleaf官网

在网页端完成内容编排。

Hello LaTex

LaTex会生成.tex文件

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\documentclass{article}

\begin{document}
First document. This is a simple example, with no 
extra parameters or packages included.
\end{document}
  • 文档正文

包含在 \begin{document} 和 \end{document}之间

  • 编译模式

pdflatex

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% 额外参数设置字体大小(12pt)和纸张大小(letterpaper) %
\documentclass [12pt, letterpaper] { article } 
% 文档的编码 %
\usepackage [utf8] { inputenc }

文件序言

在 \begin{document} 之前

标题、作者和日期

在文档中添加标题、作者和日期，必须在序言中添加三行。

  • 标题
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\title{First document}
  • 作者
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\author{Hibisci Dai}
  • 日期
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\date{February 2014}

%编译时自动获取本天%
\today
  • 致谢
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%这可以添加在作者姓名之后，在author命令的大括号内。它将在大括号内添加一个上标和一个脚注。如果您需要在文章中感谢某个机构，这将很有用%
\thanks{funded by the Overleaf team}

加入序言之后，文章有

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\documentclass[12pt, letterpaper, twoside]{article}
\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}

\title{Hello Latex}
\author{Hibisici Dai \thanks{funded by the SWPU}}
\date{\today}

\begin{document}
\maketitle

We have now added a title, author and date to our first \LaTeX{} document!

\end{document}

注释

注释是包含在文档中但不会被打印的文本片段，并且不会以任何方式影响文档。
需要在该行 % 包裹

粗体、斜体和下划线

  • 粗体

\textbf{...}

  • 斜体

\textit{...}

  • 下划线

\underline{...}

案例示例

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%粗体%
Some of the \textbf{greatest}

%下划线%
discoveries in \underline{science} 

%粗体、斜体%
were made by \textbf{\textit{accident}}.
  • 依赖上下文的斜体命令

参数不依赖于上下文-普通文本内的强调文本为斜体，但如果内部使用的这种行为相反斜体文本

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%正常斜体%
Some of the greatest \emph{discoveries} 
in science were made by accident.

%斜体中标正常%
\textit{Some of the greatest \emph{discoveries} 
in science were made by accident.}

%粗体中斜体%
\textbf{Some of the greatest \emph{discoveries} 
in science were made by accident.}

添加图片

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\documentclass{article}

%声明使用图片包%
\usepackage{graphicx}

%图片存放路径%
\graphicspath{ {images/} }

\begin{document}
这里是测试图片。

%图片名称%
\includegraphics{test}

有一个测试图片。
\end{document}

latex本身无法管理图像，因此需要使用package。在文档中包含一个图像，应该使用该 graphicx 包。这个包提供了新的命令， \includegraphics{...}并且\graphicspath{...}。要使用该 graphicx 包，在序言中包含以下行：\usepackage{graphicx}。图像的文件名不应包含空格或多个点

图的标题、标签和参考

可以通过figure环境对图像进行标题、标记和引用

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\begin{figure}[h]
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=0.25\textwidth]{mesh}
    \caption{a nice plot}
    \label{fig:mesh1}
\end{figure}

As you can see in the figure \ref{fig:mesh1}, the 
function grows near 0. Also, in the page \pageref{fig:mesh1} 
is the same example.

\caption{a nice plot}：此命令设置图形的标题。如果创建一个数字列表，则将在那里使用此标题。可将其放置在图形上方或下方。

\label{fig:mesh1}：如果需要引用文档中的图像，请使用此命令设置标签。标签将为图像编号，并结合下一个命令引用它。

\ref{fig:mesh1}：此代码将被与参考图对应的数字代替。

在latex文档中放置图像时，应该始终将它们放在figure环境或类似环境中，以便latex以适合文本其余部分的方式定位图像。

列表

无序列表

itemize标签产生，每个列表前有\item

默认情况下，单个条目用黑点表示，即所谓的项目符号。条目中的文本可以是任意长度。

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\begin{itemize}
  \item The individual entries are indicated with a black dot, a so-called bullet.
  \item The text in the entries may be of any length.
\end{itemize}

有序列表

enumerate标签产生，每个列表前有\item

它会自动生成标记该项目的编号。枚举标签由从 1 开始的序列号组成。

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\begin{enumerate}
  \item This is the first entry in our list
  \item The list numbers increase with each entry we add
\end{enumerate}

数学公式

LATEX允许两种数学表达式的书写模式：内联(inline)模式和显示(display)模式。

内联(inline)模式：编写作为文本一部分的公式。

显示(display)模式：编写不属于文本或段落的表达式，因此放在单独的行上。

许多数学模式命令需要amsmath包。

内联(inline)模式

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In physics, the mass-energy equivalence is stated 
by the equation $E=mc^2$, discovered in 1905 by Albert Einstein.

要将方程置于内联模式，请使用以下分隔符之一：

  • \( ... \)
  • $ ... $
  • \begin{math} ... \end{math}

显示(display)模式

要在显示模式下打印方程，请使用以下分隔符之一：

  • \[ ... \]
  • \begin{displaymath} ... \end{displaymath}
  • \begin{equation} ... \end{equation}
  • $$ ... $$不建议使用，不一致的间距，并不得与一些数学工具很好地工作。
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%无编号-display%
The mass-energy equivalence is described by the famous equation
\[ E=mc^2 \]
discovered in 1905 by Albert Einstein. 

%有编号-display%
In natural units ($c = 1$), the formula expresses the identity
\begin{equation}
E=m
\end{equation}

基本数学符号案例

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Subscripts in math mode are written as $a_b$ and superscripts are written as $a^b$. These can be combined an nested to write expressions such as

\[ T^{i_1 i_2 \dots i_p}_{j_1 j_2 \dots j_q} = T(x^{i_1},\dots,x^{i_p},e_{j_1},\dots,e_{j_q}) \]
 
We write integrals using $\int$ and fractions using $\frac{a}{b}$. Limits are placed on integrals using superscripts and subscripts:

\[ \int_0^1 \frac{dx}{e^x} =  \frac{e-1}{e} \]

Lower case Greek letters are written as $\omega$ $\delta$ etc. while upper case Greek letters are written as $\Omega$ $\Delta$.

Mathematical operators are prefixed with a backslash as $\sin(\beta)$, $\cos(\alpha)$, $\log(x)$ etc.

基本格式化

摘要

声明摘要会将文字以特殊格式放置文档顶部。

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\begin{document}

\begin{abstract}
This is a simple paragraph at the beginning of the 
document. A brief introduction about the main subject.
\end{abstract}
\end{document}

段落与换行

  • \\ 换行
  • ~\\ 不打断换行
  • \par 新自然段

可能需要声明包 \usepackage{parskip}

章节

基本的深度级别

  • -1 : \part{part}
  • 0 : \chapter{chapter}
  • 1 : \section{section}
  • 2 : \subsection{subsection}
  • 3 : \subsubsection{subsubsection}
  • 4 : \paragraph{paragraph}
  • 5 : \subparagraph{subparagraph}

\section{} 标志着一个新部分的开始，在大括号内设置标题。节编号是自动的，可以通过*在节命令中来禁用自动变化，\section*{}。

类似的\subsection{}，实际上是\subsubsection{}。

\part 和 \chapter 仅在报告和书籍文档类中可用。

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\section{Introduction}

This is the first section.

Lorem  ipsum  dolor  sit  amet,  consectetuer  adipiscing  
elit.   Etiam  lobortisfacilisis sem.  Nullam nec mi et 
neque pharetra sollicitudin.  Praesent imperdietmi nec ante. 
Donec ullamcorper, felis non sodales...

\section{Second Section}

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit.  
Etiam lobortis facilisissem.  Nullam nec mi et neque pharetra 
sollicitudin.  Praesent imperdiet mi necante...

\subsection{First Subsection}
Praesent imperdietmi nec ante. Donec ullamcorper, felis non sodales...

\section*{Unnumbered Section}
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit.  
Etiam lobortis facilisissem

表

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\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{ c c c }
 cell1 & cell2 & cell3 \\ 
 cell4 & cell5 & cell6 \\  
 cell7 & cell8 & cell9    
\end{tabular}
\end{center}

表边框

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\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{ |c|c|c| } 
 \hline
 cell1 & cell2 & cell3 \\ 
 cell4 & cell5 & cell6 \\ 
 cell7 & cell8 & cell9 \\ 
 \hline
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
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\begin{center}
 \begin{tabular}{||c c c c||} 
 \hline
 Col1 & Col2 & Col2 & Col3 \\ [0.5ex] 
 \hline\hline
 1 & 6 & 87837 & 787 \\ 
 \hline
 2 & 7 & 78 & 5415 \\
 \hline
 3 & 545 & 778 & 7507 \\
 \hline
 4 & 545 & 18744 & 7560 \\
 \hline
 5 & 88 & 788 & 6344 \\ [1ex] 
 \hline
\end{tabular}
\end{center}

表的标题、标签和参考

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Table \ref{table:data} is an example of referenced \LaTeX{} elements.

\begin{table}[h!]
\centering
\begin{tabular}{||c c c c||} 
 \hline
 Col1 & Col2 & Col2 & Col3 \\ [0.5ex] 
 \hline\hline
 1 & 6 & 87837 & 787 \\ 
 2 & 7 & 78 & 5415 \\
 3 & 545 & 778 & 7507 \\
 4 & 545 & 18744 & 7560 \\
 5 & 88 & 788 & 6344 \\ [1ex] 
 \hline
\end{tabular}
\caption{Table to test captions and labels}
\label{table:data}
\end{table}

目录

\tableofcontents 创建目录

章节、小节和章节会自动包含在目录中。要手动添加条目，例如当您想要一个未编号的部分时，请使用\addcontentsline示例中所示的命令。

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\documentclass{article}
\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
 
\title{Sections and Chapters}
\author{Gubert Farnsworth}
\date{ }
  
\begin{document}
  
\maketitle
  
\tableofcontents

\section{Introduction}
   
This is the first section.
      
Lorem  ipsum  dolor  sit  amet,  consectetuer  adipiscing  
elit.   Etiam  lobortisfacilisis sem.  Nullam nec mi et 
neque pharetra sollicitudin.  Praesent imperdietmi nec ante. 
Donec ullamcorper, felis non sodales...
       
\section*{Unnumbered Section}
\addcontentsline{toc}{section}{Unnumbered Section}

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit.  
Etiam lobortis facilisissem.  Nullam nec mi et neque pharetra 
sollicitudin.  Praesent imperdiet mi necante...

\section{Second Section}
       
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit.  
Etiam lobortis facilisissem.  Nullam nec mi et neque pharetra 
sollicitudin.  Praesent imperdiet mi necante...
         
\end{document}

附录

  • HelloLatex.tex
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\documentclass[12pt, letterpaper, twoside]{article}
\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
%数学包%
\usepackage{amsmath}
%段落换行包%
\usepackage{parskip}

\title{Hello Latex}
\author{Hibisici Dai \thanks{funded by the SWPU}}
\date{\today}

\begin{document}
\maketitle

We have now added a title, author and date to our first \LaTeX{} document!

\par
~\\

%粗体%
Some of the \textbf{greatest}

%下划线%
discoveries in \underline{science} 

%粗体、斜体%
were made by \textbf{\textit{accident}}.

\par
~\\

%正常斜体%
Some of the greatest \emph{discoveries} 
in science were made by accident.

%斜体中标正常%
\textit{Some of the greatest \emph{discoveries} 
in science were made by accident.}

%粗体中斜体%
\textbf{Some of the greatest \emph{discoveries} 
in science were made by accident.}

\par
~\\

%无序列表%
\begin{itemize}
  \item The individual entries are indicated with a black dot, a so-called bullet.
  \item The text in the entries may be of any length.
\end{itemize}

\par
~\\

%有序列表%
\begin{enumerate}
  \item This is the first entry in our list
  \item The list numbers increase with each entry we add
\end{enumerate}

\par
~\\

%公式-inline%
In physics, the mass-energy equivalence is stated 
by the equation $E=mc^2$, discovered in 1905 by Albert Einstein.

\par
~\\

%无编号-display%
The mass-energy equivalence is described by the famous equation
\[ E=mc^2 \]
discovered in 1905 by Albert Einstein. 

\par
~\\

%有编号-display%
In natural units ($c = 1$), the formula expresses the identity
\begin{equation}
E=m
\end{equation}

\par
~\\

%基本数学符号案例%
Subscripts in math mode are written as $a_b$ and superscripts are written as $a^b$. These can be combined an nested to write expressions such as

\[ T^{i_1 i_2 \dots i_p}_{j_1 j_2 \dots j_q} = T(x^{i_1},\dots,x^{i_p},e_{j_1},\dots,e_{j_q}) \]
 
We write integrals using $\int$ and fractions using $\frac{a}{b}$. Limits are placed on integrals using superscripts and subscripts:

\[ \int_0^1 \frac{dx}{e^x} =  \frac{e-1}{e} \]

Lower case Greek letters are written as $\omega$ $\delta$ etc. while upper case Greek letters are written as $\Omega$ $\Delta$.

Mathematical operators are prefixed with a backslash as $\sin(\beta)$, $\cos(\alpha)$, $\log(x)$ etc.

\par
~\\

%摘要%
\begin{abstract}
This is a simple paragraph at the beginning of the 
document. A brief introduction about the main subject.
\end{abstract}

\par
~\\

%测试章节%
\section{Introduction}

This is the first section.

Lorem  ipsum  dolor  sit  amet,  consectetuer  adipiscing  
elit.   Etiam  lobortisfacilisis sem.  Nullam nec mi et 
neque pharetra sollicitudin.  Praesent imperdietmi nec ante. 
Donec ullamcorper, felis non sodales...

\section{Second Section}

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit.  
Etiam lobortis facilisissem.  Nullam nec mi et neque pharetra 
sollicitudin.  Praesent imperdiet mi necante...

\subsection{First Subsection}
Praesent imperdietmi nec ante. Donec ullamcorper, felis non sodales...

\section*{Unnumbered Section}
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit.  
Etiam lobortis facilisissem

\par
~\\

%简单工作表%
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{ c c c }
 cell1 & cell2 & cell3 \\ 
 cell4 & cell5 & cell6 \\  
 cell7 & cell8 & cell9    
\end{tabular}
\end{center}

\par
~\\

%表边框1%
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{ |c|c|c| } 
 \hline
 cell1 & cell2 & cell3 \\ 
 cell4 & cell5 & cell6 \\ 
 cell7 & cell8 & cell9 \\ 
 \hline
\end{tabular}
\end{center}

\par
~\\

%表边框2%
\begin{center}
 \begin{tabular}{||c c c c||} 
 \hline
 Col1 & Col2 & Col2 & Col3 \\ [0.5ex] 
 \hline\hline
 1 & 6 & 87837 & 787 \\ 
 \hline
 2 & 7 & 78 & 5415 \\
 \hline
 3 & 545 & 778 & 7507 \\
 \hline
 4 & 545 & 18744 & 7560 \\
 \hline
 5 & 88 & 788 & 6344 \\ [1ex] 
 \hline
\end{tabular}
\end{center}

\par
~\\

%表的标题、标签和参考%
Table \ref{table:data} is an example of referenced \LaTeX{} elements.

\begin{table}[h!]
\centering
\begin{tabular}{||c c c c||} 
 \hline
 Col1 & Col2 & Col2 & Col3 \\ [0.5ex] 
 \hline\hline
 1 & 6 & 87837 & 787 \\ 
 2 & 7 & 78 & 5415 \\
 3 & 545 & 778 & 7507 \\
 4 & 545 & 18744 & 7560 \\
 5 & 88 & 788 & 6344 \\ [1ex] 
 \hline
\end{tabular}
\caption{Table to test captions and labels}
\label{table:data}
\end{table}

\par
~\\

%目录%
\tableofcontents

\end{document}
  • HelloLatexPicture.tex
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\documentclass[12pt, letterpaper, twoside]{article}
\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
%声明使用图片包%
\usepackage{graphicx}
%图片存放路径%
\graphicspath{ {images/} }

\title{Hello Latex Picure}
\author{Hibisici Dai \thanks{funded by the SWPU}}
\date{\today}

\begin{document}
\maketitle
The universe is immense and it seems to be homogeneous, in a large scale, everywhere we look at.

%图片名称%
\includegraphics{test}

There's a picture of a galaxy above.

\par

\begin{figure}[h]
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=0.25\textwidth]{test}
    \caption{a nice plot}
    \label{fig:mesh1}
\end{figure}

As you can see in the figure \ref{fig:mesh1}, the 
function grows near 0. Also, in the page \pageref{fig:mesh1} 
is the same example.

\begin{figure}[h]
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=0.25\textwidth]{test}
    \caption{a nice plot}
    \label{fig:mesh1}
\end{figure}

As you can see in the figure \ref{fig:mesh1}, the 
function grows near 0. Also, in the page \pageref{fig:mesh1} 
is the same example.

\end{document}
文章作者: HibisciDai
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